高科技世界的關(guān)鍵商品： 澳大利亞供應全球需求的潛力Critical commodities for ahigh?techworld: Australia’s potential to supply g

金屬、非金屬和礦物原材料的供應，特別是那些支撐高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的原材料，對這些產(chǎn)業(yè)的持續發(fā)展非常重要。一些國家已經(jīng)制定了被認為至關(guān)重要的金屬和礦物的風(fēng)險清單。商品的臨界水平反映了供應風(fēng)險和特定商品重要性的結合。澳大利亞是礦產(chǎn)商品的主要出口國，但消費量相對較小。因此，其他國家的關(guān)鍵商品目前對澳大利亞工業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)并不重要，只有少數可能與農業(yè)部門(mén)（磷酸鹽和鉀鹽）有關(guān)的例外情況。本報告從澳大利亞的角度審查了關(guān)鍵商品，并就澳大利亞的資源和這些關(guān)鍵商品的資源潛力提供了全面的技術(shù)（地質(zhì)）信息。報告由兩部分組成：第一部分概述了對關(guān)鍵商品報告的評估；第二部分是對關(guān)鍵商品地質(zhì)信息的技術(shù)介紹。完整報告見(jiàn)www.ga.gov.au。第1部分評估了歐盟、日本、韓國、英國和美國的關(guān)鍵大宗商品報告，并確定了澳大利亞當前和潛在的大宗商品資源。在澳大利亞被評估為具有一類(lèi)（高）資源潛力的關(guān)鍵商品有（按字母順序排列）：鉻、鈷、銅、鎳、鉑族元素（PGE）、稀土元素（REE）和鋯。在這7種商品中，有5種被歐盟、日本、韓國、英國和美國列為最關(guān)鍵的商品（即，不包括分別屬于第三類(lèi)和第二類(lèi)臨界的銅和鋯）。在澳大利亞被評估為具有第二類(lèi)資源潛力的關(guān)鍵商品有（按字母順序排列）：銻、鈹、鉍、石墨、氦、銦、鋰、錳、鉬、鈮、鉭、釷、錫、鈦和鎢。在這15種大宗商品中，有8種被歐盟、日本、韓國、英國和美國認為具有最高臨界值。這種對資源潛力的評估不考慮非關(guān)鍵商品，如賤金屬、黑色金屬和能源商品。澳大利亞在許多這些非關(guān)鍵性商品中具有一類(lèi)資源潛力。第2部分詳細介紹了在整體礦產(chǎn)系統框架內關(guān)鍵商品的地質(zhì)情況，重要的是還描述了澳大利亞已知或可能含有大量關(guān)鍵商品的礦床。大多數商品可分為三大類(lèi)礦物系統。礦物系統族（1）：與鎂鐵質(zhì)-超鎂鐵質(zhì)有關(guān)的鎳、鉑族元素、鉻和鈷-這些商品的出現與鎂鐵質(zhì)-超鎂鐵質(zhì)火成巖密切相關(guān)，尤其是鎳、鉑族元素和鉻。根據澳大利亞的已知資源，該大陸似乎在世界級侵入型鎳、鉑族元素和鉻礦床中的代表性不足。澳大利亞的地質(zhì)，特別是許多以前未被承認的大型火成巖省的存在，使我們得出結論，澳大利亞對鎳、鉑族元素和鉻的主要礦床具有很高的遠景。礦物系統族（2）：與長(cháng)英質(zhì)火成巖有關(guān)的稀土元素、鎢、鈮、鉭、鉬、鈹、錫和鉍所有這些金屬都與長(cháng)英質(zhì)火成巖侵入體，特別是與高分餾花崗巖和/或堿性火成巖有關(guān)。澳大利亞（棕色地帶）和這些礦產(chǎn)?。ㄗ厣貛У骄G色地帶）的地下延伸部分已經(jīng)知道這些金屬的沉積。礦物系統族（3）：含鋯、鈦、稀土元素和釷的重礦物砂最近在澳大利亞重礦物砂省的新發(fā)現證明了該大陸進(jìn)一步圈定重礦物砂主要資源的潛力。除了這些礦物系統族之外，一組金屬和半金屬，包括銻、銦、鎵、鍺、鎘、碲和硒，主要是提煉主要商品鋅、銅、鉛、金、鋁和鎳的副產(chǎn)品。澳大利亞在所有這些主要商品的資源方面的全球排名很高，這意味著(zhù)有很大的資源潛力來(lái)生產(chǎn)上述小元素副產(chǎn)品。澳大利亞對一系列商品具有一類(lèi)資源潛力，但各國認為其中許多具有三類(lèi)關(guān)鍵性。例如，盡管銅屬于第三類(lèi)，但由于其經(jīng)濟重要性、工業(yè)化和發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟體的需求預測增長(cháng)以及澳大利亞新發(fā)現銅的資源潛力，銅仍被列為第一類(lèi)資源潛力。澳大利亞具有第一類(lèi)或第二類(lèi)資源潛力的其他非關(guān)鍵性商品包括鋅、鉛、銀、金、鐵礦石、鋁土礦、鈾、鉆石、磷酸鹽、鉀鹽、煤、石油和天然氣。

The availability of metal, non-metal and mineral raw materials, particularly those that underpin high-technology  industries are important for the ongoing development of these industries. Several countries have developed risk  lists of metals and minerals that are considered to be critical. The level of criticality of a commodity reflects the  combination of risk of supply and the importance of the particular commodity.  Australia is a major exporter of mineral commodities but is a relatively small consumer. Therefore the critical  commodities for other countries are not critical at present for Australian industries, with a small number of  possible exceptions relating to the agricultural sector (phosphate and potash).  This report examines critical commodities from an Australian perspective and presents comprehensive  technical (geological) information on Australia’s resources and resource potential for these critical  commodities. The report comprises two parts: Part 1 summarises assessment of critical commodity  reports; Part 2 is a technical presentation of geological information on critical commodities. The full report  is available at www.ga.gov.au. Part 1 assesses the EU, Japan, South Korea, UK and US critical commodity reports, and identifies current and  potential commodity resources in Australia.  Critical commodities assessed as having category one (high) resource potential in Australia are (in alphabetical order):  chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, platinum-group elements (PGE), rare-earth elements (REE), and zirconium.  Of these seven commodities, five are ranked in the group considered as most critical by the EU, Japan, South Korea,  UK and US (i.e., excluding copper and zirconium which are of category three and category two criticality, respectively).  Critical commodities assessed as having category two resource potential in Australia are (in alphabetical order):  antimony, beryllium, bismuth, graphite, helium, indium, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, niobium,  tantalum, thorium, tin, titanium, and tungsten. Of these 15 commodities, eight are considered to be of highest  criticality by the EU, Japan, South Korea, UK and US. This assessment of resource potential does not consider  non-critical commodities such as base metals, ferrous metals and energy commodities. Australia has category  one resource potential in many of these non-critical commodities. Part 2 presents detailed information on the geological occurrence of critical commodities within a holistic  mineral systems framework, and importantly also describes Australia’s mineral deposits that are known to, or may,  contain significant quantities of the critical commodities.  Most of the commodities can be grouped into three families of mineral systems. Mineral system family (1): Mafic-ultramafic-related nickel, platinum-group elements, chromium and cobalt— The occurrence of these commodities is closely related to mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks, particularly for nickel,  platinum-group elements and chromium. Based on known resources in Australia, the continent appears to be  under-represented in world-class intrusion-hosted nickel, platinum-group elements and chromium deposits.  Australia’s geology and in particular the presence of many previously unrecognised large igneous provinces leads us  to conclude that Australia is highly prospective for major deposits of nickel, platinum-group elements and chromium.  Mineral system family (2): Felsic igneous-related rare-earth element, tungsten, niobium, tantalum,  molybdenum, beryllium, tin and bismuth—All of these metals occur (albeit not exclusively) in association with  felsic igneous intrusions, in particular with either highly-fractionated granitic rocks and/or with alkaline igneous  rocks. There are regions where deposits of these metals are already known in Australia (brownfields), and in the  under-cover extensions of these mineral provinces (brownfields to greenfields).  Mineral system family (3): Heavy mineral sand-hosted zirconium, titanium, rare-earth element and  thorium—New discoveries of heavy mineral sand provinces recently in Australia attest to the resource potential  of the continent for further delineation of major resources of heavy mineral sands. In addition to these mineral system families, a group of metals and semi-metals including antimony, indium,  gallium, germanium, cadmium, tellurium and selenium are primarily the by-products of the refining of the  major commodities zinc, copper, lead, gold, aluminium and nickel. Australia’s high global ranking in resources of  all of these major commodities implies that there is significant resource potential for new or increased production  of the minor-element by-products listed above.  Australia has category one resource potential for a range of commodities, however countries consider many  of these to have category three criticality. For example, copper is rated as category one resource potential,  despite its category three criticality, due to its economic importance, predicted growth in demand from industrialised and developing economies, and the resource potential of Australia for new discoveries of copper.  Other non-critical commodities for which Australia has category one or category two resource potential include  zinc, lead, silver, gold, iron ore, bauxite, uranium, diamonds, phosphate, potash, coal, petroleum and natural gas.