印度尼西亞的電力部門(mén)面臨許多挑戰，特別是需要滿(mǎn)足不斷增長(cháng)的電力需求并為偏遠地區的消費者提供服務(wù)。印尼目前的能源結構以煤炭為主，并給公共健康和環(huán)境帶來(lái)負面影響。印尼電力部門(mén)的核心是PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara（PLN），這是一家國有電力公司，經(jīng)營(yíng)著(zhù)大多數發(fā)電機，并且是電力傳輸，分配和零售的唯一提供商。本文按照國際可持續發(fā)展研究所全球補貼計劃開(kāi)發(fā)的金融可持續性電力部門(mén)（FSES）分析框架，回顧了印度尼西亞電力部門(mén)以財務(wù)可持續的方式滿(mǎn)足印尼電力需求的能力。該報告分析了電力部門(mén)支付成本，提供可靠需求，進(jìn)行必要投資以及按照環(huán)境和社會(huì )規范運作的能力。主要發(fā)現如下：?盡管政府努力逐步提高電價(jià)，但補貼仍是PLN收入的重要組成部分，在彌合電力銷(xiāo)售成本與收入之間的差距方面起著(zhù)至關(guān)重要的作用。 ?補貼主要用于人口密度較高的地區。這與增加電力供應的目標有些矛盾。 ?跟蹤電力和需求的指標的積極發(fā)展以及供應質(zhì)量的整體改善反映了對印尼電力行業(yè)的投資。但是，該國在區域一級遇到了顯著(zhù)差異。應當解決輸配電領(lǐng)域的瓶頸，以改善服務(wù)欠缺地區的服務(wù)。 ?政府為促進(jìn)投資所做的努力已導致大量部署新能力。鑒于快速增長(cháng)，重要的是要監視投資的效率，并確保投資能夠滿(mǎn)足消費者的需求，并與增加可持續電力作用的目標相一致。 ?印尼電力部門(mén)最大的挑戰也許是超越提供電力，以可持續的方式提供電力。盡管增加電力領(lǐng)域可再生能源份額的目標一致，但部署更多可再生能源的努力卻進(jìn)展緩慢，目前尚無(wú)法確定能否實(shí)現當前目標。該國還應研究到2020年實(shí)現近乎通用的電力供應的最有效方法，并根據偏遠島嶼的可再生能源發(fā)電能力評估分散發(fā)電的潛力?？偠灾?，電力部門(mén)可持續性的主要挑戰包括繼續使用補貼來(lái)支撐電力部門(mén)，以及對煤炭滿(mǎn)足需求的日益依賴(lài)，這對城市地區的健康產(chǎn)生了嚴重影響，并通過(guò)碳排放給社會(huì )造成了成本。煤炭生產(chǎn)的“真實(shí)成本”應考慮到電價(jià)中，包括煤炭使用的環(huán)境外部性。
Indonesia’s power sector faces a number of challenges, notably the need to meet rising demand for electricity and to serve consumers in geographically remote regions. Indonesia’s energy mix is currently dominated by coal, with attendant negative public health and environmental impacts. At the heart of Indonesia’s power sector is PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), the state-owned electricity company that operates most of the power generators and is the sole provider of transmission, distribution and retail sales of electricity. This paper reviews the ability of the Indonesian electricity sector to meet Indonesia’s need for electricity in a financially sustainable way, following the Financial Sustainability Electricity Sector (FSES) analytical framework developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development’s Global Subsidies Initiative. The report analyzes the ability of the power sector to cover costs, to provide reliable demand, to make necessary investments and to operate according to environmental and social norms. The key findings are as follows: ? Despite the government’s efforts to increase electricity tariffs over time, subsidies are still an important part of PLN’s revenues, playing an essential role in bridging the gap between costs and revenues from electricity sales. ? Subsidies are predominantly being paid to areas with higher population densities. This is somewhat at odds with the objective to increase access to electricity. ? Investments in Indonesia’s power sector are being reflected in the positive evolution of indicators tracking capacity and demand and in the overall improvement of supply quality. However, the country experiences remarkable differences at the regional level. Bottlenecks in the transmission and distribution sector should be addressed to improve service in underserved regions. ? The government’s efforts to promote investment have led to significant deployment of new capacity. Given the rapid growth, it is important to monitor the efficiency of the investments and ensure that they meet the needs of consumers, and are consistent with targets to increase the role for sustainable electricity. ? Perhaps the largest challenge for Indonesia’s electricity sector is to move beyond providing electricity to delivering electricity in a sustainable manner. Despite well-aligned targets to increase the share of renewables in the power sector, efforts to deploy more renewable energy have been slow and it is far from certain that current targets will be reached. The country should also study the most efficient way to achieve near-universal access to electricity by 2020, evaluating the potential of decentralized generation based on renewable capacity for remote islands. To conclude, key challenges for sustainability in the power sector include the continued use of subsidies to prop up the sector and the increasing reliance on coal to meet demand, which poses serious health impacts in urban areas and costs to society through carbon emissions. The “true cost” of coal generation should be considered in the price of electricity, including the environmental externalities of coal use.
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