

洞察系列2018—能源上游行業(yè)投資進(jìn)展Insights Series 2018 - State of Play of Upstream Investment
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- 更新時(shí)間:2021-09-09
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巴黎協(xié)議的完成提高了人們對與氣候穩定一致的投資軌跡的認識。必須留在地下的不燃燒碳中,最大的比例是煤。然而,石油和天然氣投資具有特殊的宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟意義,如果石油和天然氣行業(yè)的投資活動(dòng)與導致滯留資產(chǎn)的氣候路徑不一致,可能引發(fā)關(guān)于潛在滯留資產(chǎn)和金融混亂的辯論。 另一方面,鑒于碳氫化合物對全球經(jīng)濟的持續重要性,在轉型期幾十年中,及時(shí)進(jìn)行符合石油和天然氣供應需求模式的投資仍然是能源安全的重要組成部分。稀缺性推動(dòng)的高油價(jià)和天然氣價(jià)格不僅有助于清潔能源,也有助于投資于可擴展的高碳替代能源。2014年底以來(lái)的油價(jià)周期,加上能源轉型加速的預期,引發(fā)了油氣上游投資的深刻轉型。該行業(yè)減少并重組了投資活動(dòng):石油和天然氣上游投資支出已穩定在比2014年歷史峰值低30%以上的水平。這是從高前置期、大型且通常為高碳資產(chǎn)向輕質(zhì)油和小型模塊化棕地開(kāi)發(fā)的結構性轉變的總和。管理紀律、技術(shù)進(jìn)步和供應鏈的松弛降低了上游成本,盡管在北美有新的成本膨脹跡象。
The completion of the Paris Agreement raised awareness of the investment trajectory consistent with climate stabilisation. The largest proportion of the unburnable carbon that has to stay underground is coal. Nevertheless, oil and gas investment has a special macroeconomic significance that could trigger a debate on potential stranded assets and financial dislocation should the investment activity of the industry become inconsistent with a climate pathway leading to stranded assets.
On the other hand, given the continuous importance of hydrocarbons for the global economy, a timely investment consistent with demand patterns in oil and gas supply remains a crucial component of energy security during the transition decades. High oil and gas prices driven by scarcity not only help clean energy sources but also facilitate investment in scalable, high‐carbon alternatives as well. The oil price cycle that has unfolded since late 2014, coupled with expectations of an accelerating energy transition, has triggered a profound transformation of oil and gas upstream investment. The industry reduced and restructured its investment activity: oil and gas upstream investment spending has stabilised at a level that is over 30% below the 2014 historical peak. This is an aggregate of a structural shift from high lead‐time, large and often‐high carbon assets towards light tight oil and smaller, modular brownfield developments. Management discipline, technological progress and slack in the supply chain reduced upstream costs although in North America there are signs of renewed cost inflation.
The financial position of the industry is stable. Major international oil companies are reducing debt and returning capital to equity markets. The United States (US) light tight oil industry succeeded in maintaining its access to capital even during the downturn, and it is on track to become a mature, financially sustainable business. Overall, access to capital does not represent a serious constraint to ramping up investment should market or geopolitical developments necessitate it since the industry has low leverage, and returns capital to equity markets is relatively immune to financial dislocation. The only segment of the oil and gas industry with a high debt is North American shale, whose short time horizon mitigates the financial impact of the long‐term climate policy.
In the International Energy Agency (IEA) Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS), which models a pathway well below 2 degrees that is consistent with the Paris Agreement, global oil demand declines – but by considerably less than the loss of existing production due to geological depletion. As a result, substantial field development investment is completely consistent with the energy transition, and it remains a key component of energy security. The current investment activity of the oil and gas industry is broadly consistent with the SDS in terms of investment spending and field development sanctions, as well as project composition and an emphasis on gas. This creates a window of opportunity for a smooth energy transition without major stranded asset problems. On the other hand, policy‐driven investment in efficiency and low‐carbon alternatives affecting oil demand is clearly inadequate to keep oil demand at the level of the SDS. This creates the risk of triggering a boom‐and‐bust cycle and, eventually, a financially disruptive, disjointed energy transition.
The Faster Transition Scenario (FTS) developed in the context of the 2016 German G20 presidency has a tighter carbon budget that is within the interval of 1.5 degrees pathways. This has a stronger impact on oil and gas investment but does not fully eliminate field development. In the Faster Transition case, some of the previous exploration investment becomes stranded as the resources stay underground; nevertheless, the scale of stranded assets is manageable from a macroeconomic point of view if demand mitigation policies are implemented in a timely fashion.
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